If you’ve ever asked a seasoned Linux user what desktop distribution is best for a new user, chances are pretty good you might be told Ubuntu. If you ask about server distributions, you might hear the same answer. You might also hear Debian added into the mix.
Although there are a lot of similarities between these two open-source operating systems, there are also differences. Let’s take a look at both and see if we can determine which might be the best fit for your needs.
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What is Debian?
Debian is often referred to as the “Mother of all distributions.” The reason for this is because Ubuntu is based on Debian, and there are hundreds – if not thousands – of distributions based on Ubuntu. Debian was first released on August 16, 1993, by the Debian Project, which was created by Ian Murdock.
The name Debian was inspired by the first name of his then-girlfriend Debra Lynn. Debian codenames are based on the names of characters from the Toy Story films and the unstable trunk of the OS is named after Sid, the character in the films who destroyed all of his toys.
What is Ubuntu?
Ubuntu is an open-source operating system based on Debian and developed by Canonical. Ubuntu’s initial release was version 4.10 (Warty Warthog) in October 2004. Ubuntu is released in three different versions:
Debian vs. Ubuntu: Feature comparison chart
| Features | Debian | Ubuntu |
|---|---|---|
| Package Manager | apt/dpkg | apt/dpkg/snap |
| Default desktop environments | Vanilla GNOME | Customized GNOME |
| Desktop and server releases | Yes | Yes |
| Security mechanism | AppArmor | AppArmor |
Head-to-head comparison: Debian vs. Ubuntu
Package managers
Both Debian and Ubuntu share the same base package management system, apt and dpkg. Apt (and apt-get) are used for installing packages from remote repositories, whereas dpkg is used to install downloaded .deb files.
The biggest difference between Debian and Ubuntu is that Ubuntu ships with the snap universal package manager installed by default. Snap was developed by Canonical but is not found on Debian, although it can be installed.
Sudo
Both distributions make use of the sudo security mechanism, but only Ubuntu adds the default user created upon installation to the sudo group by default.
For Debian, you either have to manually add users to the sudo group with a command, run as the root user, like usermod -aG sudo USER – where USER is the username to be added.
For security reasons, it is highly recommended you add at least one regular user to the sudo group, to avoid having to log in or switch to the root user.
Release cycle
Ubuntu comes in two different releases: LTS (Long Term Support) and regular releases. The LTS releases are made available every two years and receive five years of support. Regular releases are made available every six months and only receive nine months of support.
Debian, on the other hand, has three different releases: Stable, Testing and Unstable. Of the three, only the Stable release should be used for production purposes. However, the Testing release does include newer software, so if you want Debian with more recently released software, go with the Testing branch. The Testing version is used as the basis for the Stable branch. Only the Stable branch has a regular release cycle, which is every 2 years.
Software availability and updates
Neither Debian nor Ubuntu ship with bleeding-edge software. But between the two, Ubuntu does default to newer packages.
Debian, on the other hand, places great significance on stability. Because of that, Debian does not aim to release the latest versions of most software.
Supported platforms
Ubuntu is available for 64-bit x86 and ARM platforms and no longer provides 32-bit ISOs.
Debian supports both 64 and 32-bit hardware, as well as 64-bit ARM, ARM EABI, ARMv7, little-endian MIPS, 64-bit-little-endian MIPS, 64-bit little-endian PowerPC and IBM System Z.
Desktop environments
Both Debian and Ubuntu default to the GNOME desktop environment. However, the GNOME desktop found on Ubuntu is a custom version, which adds a dock and a few other tweaks to make it unique.
You can opt to install other desktop environments on both, and Debian even makes it easy to select your desktop of choice during installation (from GNOME, Xfce, KDE, Cinnamon, Mate and LXDE).
There are also other versions of Ubuntu that ship with different desktops such as Kubuntu, Xubuntu and Lubuntu.
Choosing between Debian and Ubuntu
The choice can be narrowed down fairly simply: Do you want an operating system that places a very high value on stability at the expense of newer applications and some simplicity, or do you want an OS that places a higher priority on user-friendliness?
For a remarkably stable operating system, go with Debian. For an OS that offers unparalleled hardware detection and ease of use, go with Ubuntu.
Either way, both Debian and Ubuntu are great operating systems that could be used by just about anyone.
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